This gene was chosen as a possible candidate among loci subjected to selection and maintaining integrity between species. robur including mixed stands) were investigated for their variability and differentiation patterns at a β-tubulin gene (qutub8) in a European-wide survey. Various natural white oak populations (Q. robur are largely sympatric oak species in western and central Europe and known for their intensive genetic exchange which has made the discovery of species-diagnostic markers a huge challenge. The distribution of genetic variability at the species and at the population level is discussed. Screening of 60 AFLP primer combinations using a bulking strategy did not allow identifying species-specific markers, which supports the conclusions reached in previous studies. Molecular and morphology based approaches showed a high degree of consistency. A smaller though significant differentiation was also revealed for both species among populations within species. Both species revealed similar diversity levels. Analysis of the genetic structure showed that the divergence between species, as observed by ordination, was significant. No species-specific AFLP markers were found using four primer combinations, but marker frequency differences up to 71% were recorded between both species. Principal coordinate analysis on the AFLP data classified the oaks in two main groups, according to their taxonomic status. One sessile and one pedunculate oak population were additionally screened for detailed leaf characteristics using an image analysis system. robur) autochthonous Flemish oak populations was investigated with AFLP markers. The nuclear genetic variation within and between four sessile (Q.
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